螺旋鋼管樁施工工藝論文

施工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)流程及操作要點(dian)

主橋0#塊、東西引橋各4×33m現(xian)澆連續(xu)箱梁同(tong)時施(shi)工(gong)(gong)；主橋1#、2#段及主塔(ta)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)同(tong)時交錯進行，以(yi)縮短工(gong)(gong)期(qi)。本(ben)工(gong)(gong)程中，主橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)為(wei)影響工(gong)(gong)程總工(gong)(gong)期(qi)的要點，本(ben)工(gong)(gong)法主要介紹主橋施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。

1.1主橋支架檢算

1.1.1支架(jia)使用(yong)材料①可(ke)調(diao)整高(gao)度的頂(ding)托(tuo)（60cm調(diao)整范圍(wei)），可(ke)調(diao)整高(gao)度的底托(tuo)（60cm調(diao)整范圍(wei)）；②碗扣式鋼(gang)管(guan)支架(jia)Ф48mm×3.5mm，橫(heng)向(xiang)間(jian)距(ju)90cm、60cm，縱向(xiang)間(jian)距(ju)60cm，水平桿步距(ju)120cm；③用(yong)Ф48mm×3.5mm鋼(gang)管(guan)做斜撐(cheng)，轉角(jiao)扣件(jian)連接(jie)。④用(yong)30cm厚的砼墊層作為地基加固。⑤用(yong)63工字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)設在臺頂(ding)作為支架(jia)橫(heng)梁。⑥用(yong)30工字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)設在63工字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)上(shang)作為支架(jia)縱梁，間(jian)距(ju)90cm。⑦用(yong)15cm×15cm方木(mu)設在30工字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)上(shang)，間(jian)距(ju)60cm。

1.1.2荷(he)(he)載(zai)取(qu)值(zhi)①竹模板(ban)自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)：F1=2.2kN/m2。②箱(xiang)(xiang)梁芯模自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)：F2=1.5kN/m2。③方木自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)：F3=0.1kN/m2；小方木（10cm×10cm）F3=0.017kN/m2；大方木（15cm×15cm）F3=0.018kN/m2。④主橋箱(xiang)(xiang)梁自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)：F4=32.7kN/m）；局(ju)部F4max=69.7kN/m）。鋼筋混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)箱(xiang)(xiang)梁自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)26kN/m3。箱(xiang)(xiang)梁總重(zhong)(zhong)：G=7789m3×26kN/m3=202514kN。0#段長91.4m，重(zhong)(zhong)量為202514*91.4/247.88=74672kN。兩(liang)邊(bian)翼板(ban)重(zhong)(zhong)量2.2×0.56×75.4×26=2415kN。Gg=74672-2415=72257kN。F4=Gg×r÷S=72257÷（91.4m×24.2m）=32.7kN/m2。局(ju)部實心處混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)重(zhong)(zhong)為F4max=2.681×26=69.7kN/m2。⑤施工活(huo)荷(he)(he)載(zai)：F5=2.5kN/m2。⑥振(zhen)搗混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)產生荷(he)(he)載(zai)：F6=1kN/m2。⑦混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)沖擊荷(he)(he)載(zai)取(qu)F7=4kN/m2。⑧碗(wan)扣(kou)支架自(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)荷(he)(he)載(zai)取(qu)F8=4.5kN/m2。⑨底部32工字(zi)鋼荷(he)(he)載(zai)取(qu)F9=1kN/m2。⑩荷(he)(he)載(zai)系數取(qu)值(zhi)：風雨雪(xue)保(bao)溫等活(huo)載(zai)系數уQ=1.2

1.1.3支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)①立(li)桿(gan)(gan)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。立(li)桿(gan)(gan)（準(zhun)48×3.5）的(de)(de)(de)(de)縱向間(jian)(jian)距為(wei)(wei)0.9m，橫向間(jian)(jian)距為(wei)(wei)0.9m和0.6m，因此單根立(li)桿(gan)(gan)承(cheng)受(shou)(shou)(shou)區域(yu)即為(wei)(wei)底板(ban)0.9m×0.9m或0.6m×0.9m箱梁(liang)(liang)均布荷(he)載(zai)(zai)，由(you)(you)橫梁(liang)(liang)集(ji)中傳至(zhi)桿(gan)(gan)頂。根據(ju)受(shou)(shou)(shou)力(li)分析(xi),腹板(ban)對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)距為(wei)(wei)0.6m×0.9m立(li)桿(gan)(gan)受(shou)(shou)(shou)力(li)比其(qi)余(yu)位置(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距為(wei)(wei)0.9m×0.9m的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)桿(gan)(gan)受(shou)(shou)(shou)力(li)大(da)(da)，故以腹板(ban)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)距為(wei)(wei)0.6m×0.9m立(li)桿(gan)(gan)作為(wei)(wei)受(shou)(shou)(shou)力(li)驗算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)桿(gan)(gan)件。則有P=97.08kN/m2由(you)(you)于(yu)大(da)(da)橫桿(gan)(gan)步距為(wei)(wei)1.2m，長細比為(wei)(wei)λ=ι/i=1200/15.78=76，查表(biao)可(ke)得(de)(de)準(zhun)=0.744，則有：[N]=準(zhun)A[σ]=0.744×489×215=78.22kN而(er)Nmax=P×A=97.08×0.6×0.6=35kN，可(ke)見[N]＞N，抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)滿足要求。另由(you)(you)壓(ya)桿(gan)(gan)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)形(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)公式(shi)得(de)(de)：（按(an)最大(da)(da)高度(du)(du)(du)11m計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)）L=NL/EA=35×103×11×103/2.1×105×4.89×102=3.75mm壓(ya)縮變(bian)形(xing)很小箱梁(liang)(liang)混凝土(tu)818m3，自重(zhong)約(yue)21268kN，按(an)上(shang)(shang)述間(jian)(jian)距布置(zhi)底座，則箱梁(liang)(liang)下(xia)共有1750根立(li)桿(gan)(gan)，可(ke)承(cheng)受(shou)(shou)(shou)61250kN荷(he)載(zai)(zai)（每根桿(gan)(gan)約(yue)可(ke)承(cheng)受(shou)(shou)(shou)35kN），比值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)2.88，滿足施工要求。②0#支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。承(cheng)臺(tai)以上(shang)(shang)部位箱梁(liang)(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)直接(jie)坐于(yu)承(cheng)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang),不(bu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。③其(qi)他處支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。對地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)進行檢(jian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必須具有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)和穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)滿足σ=P/A≤[σ]，同時(shi)，需(xu)(xu)要計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)出(chu)地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)變(bian)形(xing)值(zhi)以控制箱梁(liang)(liang)現澆線性(xing)(xing)。地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)檢(jian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)桿(gan)(gan)件下(xia)地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)檢(jian)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)平均45.12/0.6/0.6=125（kPa）=0.125（MPa）σ=0.125MPa≤[σ]=0.15MPa施工時(shi)地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)需(xu)(xu)達到0.125（MPa）以上(shang)(shang)。在(zai)原地面處理(li)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，需(xu)(xu)將支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)處地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)淤泥挖出(chu)換(huan)添砂石，分層夯實，上(shang)(shang)做0.4米(mi)厚混凝土(tu)。④支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)預拱(gong)度(du)(du)(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)。地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)變(bian)形(xing)分析(xi)：由(you)(you)于(yu)該(gai)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)為(wei)(wei)臨時(shi)工程基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)在(zai)考慮(lv)(lv)(lv)其(qi)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)變(bian)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)，即不(bu)能(neng)只考慮(lv)(lv)(lv)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬時(shi)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)按(an)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)理(li)論進行計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)入(ru)地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)固(gu)結沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)。該(gai)橋址地質較好。因此，在(zai)考慮(lv)(lv)(lv)地基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)變(bian)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)綜合考慮(lv)(lv)(lv)各方因素定(ding)為(wei)(wei)3mm。底模(mo)預拱(gong)度(du)(du)(du)設(she)(she)置(zhi)：底模(mo)預拱(gong)度(du)(du)(du)通過標高進行控制，其(qi)數(shu)據(ju)由(you)(you)以下(xia)項(xiang)目累加(jia)得(de)(de)出(chu)：1）梁(liang)(liang)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)預拱(gong)度(du)(du)(du)；下(xia)拱(gong)，計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)時(shi)取負(fu)值(zhi)本工程設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)沒有考慮(lv)(lv)(lv)按(an)σA=0取值(zhi)。2）支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)形(xing)；下(xia)撓，計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)時(shi)取正值(zhi)σB=σL/E=145000*4.8/206×106=3.4×10-3mσB=3mm。3）支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)在(zai)荷(he)載(zai)(zai)作用下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)彈(dan)性(xing)(xing)壓(ya)縮。

1.2操作要(yao)點見(jian)圖1塔梁固結(jie)支架工藝流程圖。

1.3施工總述現澆箱梁支架采用滿堂式碗扣支架，0#塊處采用螺旋鋼管樁配合滿(man)堂支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架，搭設(she)(she)滿(man)堂支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架時，封閉該段便道交通(tong)，從(cong)現(xian)澆梁(liang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架所處地基進(jin)行改造，確(que)保(bao)滿(man)堂支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架施工的(de)安全。選用(yong)D630mm螺旋鋼(gang)(gang)管制成(cheng)螺旋鋼(gang)(gang)管樁，[10cm、[14bcm、[6.3cm槽鋼(gang)(gang)做(zuo)成(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)管樁連接系。箱梁(liang)底模板(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)側模板(ban)(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)厚1.5cm的(de)高(gao)強度竹膠板(ban)(ban)(ban)，順橋(qiao)方向方木(mu)采(cai)用(yong)10cm×10cm間(jian)距28cm。橫橋(qiao)方向縱梁(liang)方木(mu)采(cai)用(yong)15cm×15cm，間(jian)距為60cm。支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架間(jian)距在梁(liang)下(xia)為60cm，翼(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)下(xia)及(ji)腹板(ban)(ban)(ban)下(xia)為90cm，水(shui)平支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐高(gao)為120cm。碗扣支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架頂托采(cai)用(yong)60cm可調，碗扣支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架中立桿選用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)，碗扣支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架底座采(cai)用(yong)60cm可調，底座下(xia)為方木(mu)（15cm×15cm），地基承(cheng)載力應達到設(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)求，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架外設(she)(she)深(shen)50cm、高(gao)55cm邊(bian)坡1：1排水(shui)溝。

1.4塔梁(liang)固結段(duan)（即0#段(duan)）施工分述支架基礎:

1.4.1施(shi)工(gong)(gong)準備①腳手架(jia)搭設(she)前，測(ce)量(liang)人員(yuan)用(yong)全(quan)站儀放(fang)樣出箱梁(liang)在地(di)基上的(de)(de)豎向投影線，并用(yong)白灰(hui)撒上標志(zhi)線，現場技術員(yuan)根(gen)據投影線定出橋中(zhong)心線，同(tong)樣用(yong)白灰(hui)線做上標記。根(gen)據中(zhong)心線向兩(liang)側(ce)按圖對稱布設(she)鋼管樁(zhuang)及碗扣支架(jia)。②備齊所(suo)需的(de)(de)立桿、橫桿、型鋼和枕木。按規范要(yao)求對材料進行檢查、驗(yan)收；鋼管應平(ping)直(zhi)，平(ping)直(zhi)度(du)允許偏差為管長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)1/500；嚴禁使用(yong)有硬傷及嚴重銹蝕的(de)(de)鋼管。4.4.2支架(jia)分(fen)段(duan)主橋箱梁(liang)分(fen)三次(ci)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)：0#段(duan)箱梁(liang)分(fen)兩(liang)次(ci)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，2008年(nian)(nian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)26m，2009年(nian)(nian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)(de)32.7m、1#段(duan)箱梁(liang)各(ge)長(chang)(chang)42m，總(zong)長(chang)(chang)84m、2#段(duan)箱梁(liang)各(ge)長(chang)(chang)40.24m和32.24m總(zong)長(chang)(chang)72.48m、箱梁(liang)全(quan)部(bu)總(zong)長(chang)(chang)247.88m。引橋分(fen)東西(xi)兩(liang)連，2008年(nian)(nian)同(tong)時施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，每(mei)連為4×33m=132m長(chang)(chang)。

1.4.3地基(ji)(ji)處理(li)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)范(fan)圍內的螺旋鋼管樁(zhuang)在承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)施(shi)工(gong)時在螺旋鋼管樁(zhuang)位置(zhi)(zhi)事先安裝(zhuang)預埋(mai)鐵(tie)件，腳手(shou)架直(zhi)接座落在承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上的，無需處理(li)地基(ji)(ji)。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)范(fan)圍外的采用(yong)換填加混凝土墊層的方(fang)法(fa)進行地基(ji)(ji)處理(li)，有螺旋鋼管樁(zhuang)的位置(zhi)(zhi)，要設置(zhi)(zhi)擴(kuo)大(da)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，安裝(zhuang)好預埋(mai)鐵(tie)件。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)坑四周回(hui)填砂土，且(qie)分層回(hui)填夯實(shi)，頂部回(hui)填50cm厚碎石，機(ji)械夯實(shi)，最后灌注25cm厚C20砼墊層，并保(bao)證平整度，以保(bao)證枕梁能均勻受力；同時橫(heng)橋向設置(zhi)(zhi)1%人字坡便于排水(shui)，支架兩側設排水(shui)溝（現場自(zi)設）。詳見(jian)圖(tu)2所示的0#段臨時施(shi)工(gong)總布置(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)。

1.4.4螺(luo)旋(xuan)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)布設由于(yu)0#段是(shi)塔梁固結(jie)(jie)結(jie)(jie)構，且(qie)跨度(du)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，在(zai)預應(ying)(ying)力(li)鋼(gang)絞線及(ji)掛索施(shi)工工程中會產生(sheng)應(ying)(ying)力(li)集中現象。需要設置(zhi)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)螺(luo)旋(xuan)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)配合碗扣支架(jia)，來(lai)滿足(zu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)集中受力(li)要求。0#段全(quan)長91.4m。從橋梁中心線開(kai)始，向兩側各設四(si)排(pai)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)鋼(gang)管支墩。第一排(pai)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)設計位置(zhi)在(zai)5#承(cheng)臺上(shang)，所以(yi)(yi)須(xu)在(zai)5#承(cheng)臺上(shang)設置(zhi)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)預埋鐵(tie)件，且(qie)頂部設置(zhi)參照擴大(da)(da)基(ji)礎(chu)設置(zhi)鋼(gang)筋(jin)網片。后安裝(zhuang)預埋件鋼(gang)板及(ji)其(qi)相關結(jie)(jie)構與鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)1-1#、1-2#底連接。2、3、4#鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)需設計擴大(da)(da)基(ji)礎(chu)，滿足(zu)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)基(ji)礎(chu)抗(kang)壓需要。由于(yu)較(jiao)大(da)(da)凍(dong)土(tu)深(shen)度(du)為(wei)2.42m，所以(yi)(yi)擴大(da)(da)基(ji)礎(chu)底須(xu)在(zai)凍(dong)土(tu)層(ceng)以(yi)(yi)下，暫定為(wei)+607.20mm。若考慮過冬施(shi)工0#塊，現場可做適(shi)當(dang)調整(zheng)，且(qie)地基(ji)土(tu)持力(li)層(ceng)不(bu)能(neng)是(shi)淤(yu)泥層(ceng)，須(xu)為(wei)砂層(ceng)，地基(ji)土(tu)須(xu)夯實承(cheng)載(zai)力(li)不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)220kPa，施(shi)工時(shi)(shi)擴大(da)(da)基(ji)礎(chu)底須(xu)鋪70mm的碎(sui)石墊層(ceng)。擴大(da)(da)基(ji)礎(chu)施(shi)工完成(cheng)后，回填夯實。臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)支墩鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)頂標高與此位置(zhi)梁底標高一致(zhi)，且(qie)涂(tu)在(zai)樁(zhuang)頂涂(tu)抹脫模劑。

1.4.5組合腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)搭(da)設(she)(she)①在安(an)裝(zhuang)螺旋鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)前，要(yao)認真進(jin)行(xing)(xing)每根鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)預埋件(jian)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)標(biao)高(gao)的(de)(de)復(fu)測并(bing)(bing)做好記錄，根據(ju)測量值(zhi)和(he)(he)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)設(she)(she)計圖(tu)設(she)(she)計長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)計算出每根鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)下(xia)料產度(du)(du)，對工人進(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)技術交(jiao)底。②用50噸(dun)吊(diao)車將鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)垂直(zhi)對號懸掛(gua)于(yu)預埋鐵件(jian)上(shang)(shang)，測量鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)垂直(zhi)度(du)(du)及標(biao)高(gao)，用16mm后(hou)三角鐵板固(gu)定螺旋鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)柱(zhu)，嚴(yan)格(ge)按規范(fan)要(yao)求(qiu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)焊接(jie)。移(yi)開吊(diao)車，重新進(jin)行(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)垂直(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)標(biao)高(gao)復(fu)測。③進(jin)行(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)頂(ding)(ding)帽鋼(gang)(gang)板及鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)之間型鋼(gang)(gang)桁架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)焊接(jie)安(an)裝(zhuang)，同時(shi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)樁(zhuang)頂(ding)(ding)面(mian)標(biao)高(gao)。④腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)按布置圖(tu)排(pai)列整(zheng)(zheng)齊，自(zi)一(yi)端(duan)延伸向另一(yi)端(duan)，自(zi)下(xia)而上(shang)(shang)按步(bu)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)設(she)(she)，上(shang)(shang)下(xia)保持垂直(zhi)，并(bing)(bing)逐(zhu)(zhu)層改變搭(da)設(she)(she)方向，不(bu)得相(xiang)對進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。每搭(da)完一(yi)步(bu)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)后(hou)，用水(shui)平(ping)尺檢查(cha)并(bing)(bing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)其水(shui)平(ping)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)垂直(zhi)度(du)(du)。具體見圖(tu)3。⑤腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)兩(liang)側均(jun)設(she)(she)置剪刀(dao)(dao)撐(cheng)(cheng)，并(bing)(bing)與(yu)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)子管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鎖牢(lao)。如有個別位(wei)置因(yin)施(shi)工要(yao)求(qiu)需要(yao)拆(chai)(chai)除，應先(xian)用鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)件(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)牢(lao)靠(kao)，方可(ke)臨時(shi)拆(chai)(chai)除。剪刀(dao)(dao)撐(cheng)(cheng)每五跨五步(bu)一(yi)設(she)(she)，并(bing)(bing)應連(lian)續設(she)(she)置，與(yu)地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)傾角宜為45°～60°。剪刀(dao)(dao)撐(cheng)(cheng)應設(she)(she)于(yu)腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)立(li)桿(gan)(gan)外側并(bing)(bing)連(lian)牢(lao)，斜桿(gan)(gan)采用搭(da)接(jie)接(jie)長(chang)(chang)，搭(da)接(jie)長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)不(bu)宜小于(yu)600mm，搭(da)接(jie)處采用兩(liang)個扣(kou)(kou)(kou)件(jian)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)緊(jin)。⑥可(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)托(tuo)座(zuo)安(an)裝(zhuang)應與(yu)腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)立(li)桿(gan)(gan)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)垂直(zhi)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)托(tuo)座(zuo)頂(ding)(ding)實、不(bu)浮動、不(bu)松動，并(bing)(bing)與(yu)整(zheng)(zheng)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)保持垂直(zhi)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)托(tuo)座(zuo)至整(zheng)(zheng)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)支撐(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)度(du)(du)，但上(shang)(shang)下(xia)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)托(tuo)座(zuo)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)均(jun)不(bu)得超(chao)過其總長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)2/3。⑦調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)桿(gan)(gan)安(an)裝(zhuang)在頂(ding)(ding)層腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)，插入腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)立(li)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)最(zui)小長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)不(bu)得小于(yu)0.3m，并(bing)(bing)通過水(shui)平(ping)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)保持其垂直(zhi)，當調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)桿(gan)(gan)伸出長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)小于(yu)1.0m時(shi)，應逐(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)逐(zhu)(zhu)列設(she)(she)置一(yi)層水(shui)平(ping)桿(gan)(gan)，超(chao)出1.0m設(she)(she)置兩(liang)層水(shui)平(ping)桿(gan)(gan)。⑧整(zheng)(zheng)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)應采用鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)扣(kou)(kou)(kou)件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，設(she)(she)置水(shui)平(ping)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)桿(gan)(gan)、斜桿(gan)(gan)和(he)(he)剪刀(dao)(dao)撐(cheng)(cheng)，與(yu)腳(jiao)(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)同步(bu)搭(da)設(she)(she)。

1.4.6支架(jia)預壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)減少支架(jia)變形及地(di)基沉降(jiang)對(dui)現澆(jiao)箱梁(liang)線形的影響，在縱(zong)橫梁(liang)安裝完畢后進行支架(jia)預壓(ya)(ya)施工(gong)。預壓(ya)(ya)采用(yong)混(hun)凝土(tu)預制塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)，預制塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)每(mei)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)重34kN，尺寸為(wei)(wei)150×150×60cm，每(mei)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)可產生(sheng)15kN/m2的壓(ya)(ya)力，預壓(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)為(wei)(wei)箱梁(liang)底部(bu)。引橋(qiao)預壓(ya)(ya)平均(jun)應(ying)(ying)達到45kN/m2（3層預壓(ya)(ya)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)），局部(bu)實(shi)心(xin)處60kN/m2（4層預壓(ya)(ya)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)）。主橋(qiao)預壓(ya)(ya)應(ying)(ying)達到45kN/m2（3層預壓(ya)(ya)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)），局部(bu)實(shi)心(xin)處90kN/m2（6層預壓(ya)(ya)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)）。根據實(shi)測的預壓(ya)(ya)結(jie)果，對(dui)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)地(di)質跨度(du)的模(mo)板的預拱度(du)作相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)調整。

1.4.7腳(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架拆(chai)除(chu)腳(jiao)手(shou)(shou)架拆(chai)除(chu)應(ying)在統一(yi)指揮下(xia)(xia)，按后裝(zhuang)先(xian)拆(chai)、先(xian)裝(zhuang)后拆(chai)、一(yi)端走向另(ling)一(yi)端、自上(shang)而下(xia)(xia)逐層(ceng)的順序進(jin)行。先(xian)拆(chai)除(chu)碗扣(kou)支架，后拆(chai)除(chu)螺旋鋼管(guan)樁。拆(chai)下(xia)(xia)的鋼管(guan)與配件(jian)，應(ying)成捆(kun)用機械吊運或由(you)井(jing)架傳(chuan)送(song)至地面，防止碰(peng)撞，嚴禁拋(pao)擲。

2質量控制措施

嚴格控(kong)制檢查(cha)承(cheng)重支架的受力情況及穩定(ding)情況，防止承(cheng)重支架受力后(hou)下(xia)沉(chen)變形造成箱梁局部下(xia)沉(chen)開裂。經壓重載試驗(yan)后(hou)定(ding)型，支架在箱梁張拉完(wan)畢前，做到始終保持穩固，防止私自拆取桿件或外力撞擊。

3安全措施

制定有(you)效的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)火、防(fang)(fang)(fang)盜、防(fang)(fang)(fang)爆的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。設(she)(she)(she)置專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)消防(fang)(fang)(fang)出入口。操作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)人必須(xu)嚴守崗位履(lv)行職責，遵(zun)守安全(quan)(quan)生產操作(zuo)規(gui)程。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場布置足夠的(de)照明燈光，警示(shi)標志，圍護(hu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)。工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)(shi)前，對(dui)投入的(de)機(ji)電設(she)(she)(she)備和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)進行全(quan)(quan)面的(de)安全(quan)(quan)檢查，未經(jing)驗收的(de)不準(zhun)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，并在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場設(she)(she)(she)置必要的(de)護(hu)欄、安全(quan)(quan)標志和警告(gao)牌。支(zhi)架(jia)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)桿件應詳細檢查，不得使用(yong)(yong)(yong)銹(xiu)蝕、扭曲嚴重的(de)桿件和鋼管(guan)等(deng)。地(di)基承載能力(li)應符(fu)合設(she)(she)(she)計標準(zhun)，支(zhi)架(jia)基礎采用(yong)(yong)(yong)槽(cao)鋼或(huo)方木墊(dian)塊(kuai)，各(ge)類(lei)金屬支(zhi)架(jia)應加設(she)(she)(she)試接地(di)裝置。根據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)季節、支(zhi)架(jia)工(gong)(gong)程應采取防(fang)(fang)(fang)沖(chong)刷或(huo)防(fang)(fang)(fang)凍漲等(deng)安全(quan)(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。支(zhi)立(li)(li)排(pai)(pai)架(jia)時(shi)(shi)，應設(she)(she)(she)專(zhuan)人統一指(zhi)揮，支(zhi)立(li)(li)排(pai)(pai)架(jia)以整排(pai)(pai)豎(shu)立(li)(li)為宜，排(pai)(pai)架(jia)豎(shu)立(li)(li)后，用(yong)(yong)(yong)臨時(shi)(shi)支(zhi)撐撐牢后再豎(shu)立(li)(li)第二排(pai)(pai)，兩(liang)排(pai)(pai)架(jia)間的(de)水(shui)平和剪刀撐用(yong)(yong)(yong)螺(luo)絲擰(ning)緊，形成(cheng)整體。用(yong)(yong)(yong)吊(diao)機(ji)豎(shu)立(li)(li)排(pai)(pai)架(jia)及螺(luo)旋鋼管(guan)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)溜(liu)繩控制支(zhi)架(jia)排(pai)(pai)架(jia)起吊(diao)時(shi)(shi)的(de)擺動。

4環保措施

在本工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)全(quan)過程中，我們將(jiang)全(quan)面(mian)運行(xing)(xing)ISO14000環境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護體(ti)系(xi)標準(zhun)，系(xi)統地(di)(di)采用和實施(shi)(shi)(shi)一系(xi)列環境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護管(guan)(guan)理(li)手段，重點是對伊敏河(he)水體(ti)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護，得(de)到最優化的(de)結(jie)果。實行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環保(bao)(bao)、水土保(bao)(bao)持和文(wen)明施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)責(ze)任(ren)制，將(jiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環保(bao)(bao)、水土保(bao)(bao)持和文(wen)明施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與各作業班(ban)組(zu)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員獎金分配掛鉤。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期間(jian)愛(ai)護環境(jing)，保(bao)(bao)護綠化，保(bao)(bao)護好已成建筑物、路(lu)面(mian)，不(bu)損壞(huai)、不(bu)污染，完(wan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)徹底清(qing)(qing)場，恢復原有道(dao)路(lu)、設施(shi)(shi)(shi)，并將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)及周圍環境(jing)清(qing)(qing)理(li)整潔(jie)，做到工(gong)(gong)(gong)完(wan)、料清(qing)(qing)、場地(di)(di)潔(jie)凈，并將(jiang)地(di)(di)上地(di)(di)下原有設施(shi)(shi)(shi)恢復到原有的(de)使用狀態(tai)。

5效益分析

5.1經(jing)濟效益(yi)在本(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)原設(she)計(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案為(wei)引(yin)橋(qiao)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)掛籃(lan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。經(jing)該施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位協商(shang)改進施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法，合理大膽采用(yong)了主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)碗(wan)扣(kou)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)輔助螺旋鋼管樁施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。并合理安排工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，08年將引(yin)橋(qiao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完畢，將引(yin)橋(qiao)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)用(yong)于(yu)09年施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，節約(yue)(yue)(yue)主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)運費約(yue)(yue)(yue)190萬元(yuan)(yuan)，相當于(yu)用(yong)于(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)(jia)運費為(wei)零，租賃費約(yue)(yue)(yue)為(wei)260萬元(yuan)(yuan)，主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)如若(ruo)采用(yong)掛籃(lan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)費用(yong)預計(ji)約(yue)(yue)(yue)440萬元(yuan)(yuan)。所以本(ben)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法約(yue)(yue)(yue)節約(yue)(yue)(yue)人民幣(bi)180萬元(yuan)(yuan)。

5.2社會效(xiao)益(yi)在施(shi)工中(zhong)，自行成功(gong)設計了(le)塔梁(liang)(liang)固結(jie)連續箱梁(liang)(liang)螺旋鋼管臨(lin)時墩(dun)與碗扣支(zhi)架相結(jie)合的支(zhi)撐(cheng)結(jie)構，橋梁(liang)(liang)工程施(shi)工質量合格率100%，取(qu)得了(le)良(liang)好社會效(xiao)益(yi)、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)及(ji)環保效(xiao)益(yi)。該項技(ji)術(shu)的成功(gong)實(shi)施(shi)，推動了(le)中(zhong)鐵(tie)(tie)九(jiu)局(ju)斜拉橋特大橋梁(liang)(liang)施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)的進步，具有較深遠的意義，為中(zhong)鐵(tie)(tie)九(jiu)局(ju)承建特大橋梁(liang)(liang)工程奠定了(le)堅實(shi)的基礎(chu)。

5.3環保效(xiao)益碗扣(kou)支(zhi)架輔(fu)助螺旋鋼管樁支(zhi)撐技術在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中比掛籃(lan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)減少了大量的機械使(shi)用(yong)，節(jie)約了能源使(shi)用(yong)，縮(suo)短了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)，經濟環保，是(shi)一個(ge)具有(you)良好環保效(xiao)益的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法。

6應用實例

哈薩(sa)爾(er)(er)大橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)位于(yu)呼(hu)倫貝爾(er)(er)市(shi)海(hai)拉(la)(la)爾(er)(er)區中部，跨(kua)越伊(yi)敏(min)河，連接(jie)于(yu)海(hai)拉(la)(la)爾(er)(er)區東(dong)西部。橋(qiao)(qiao)位處(chu)伊(yi)敏(min)河河堤(di)壩(ba)之間寬(kuan)度約350m。橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)全長(chang)(chang)512m，由主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)(qiao)和引橋(qiao)(qiao)兩(liang)部分組成。主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)(qiao)全寬(kuan)28.6m，引橋(qiao)(qiao)全寬(kuan)23.6m。主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)(qiao)為單塔(ta)雙索面斜拉(la)(la)橋(qiao)(qiao)，跨(kua)徑布置為128+120=248m。兩(liang)側引橋(qiao)(qiao)采用預應力連續箱(xiang)梁(liang)，東(dong)西引橋(qiao)(qiao)長(chang)(chang)均為4×33=132m。西側橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)引道長(chang)(chang)136m；東(dong)側橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)引道長(chang)(chang)192m，連線道路長(chang)(chang)度為106.42m；工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全長(chang)(chang)946.42m。本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)為2008年(nian)4月(yue)1日(ri)-2009年(nian)10月(yue)30日(ri)，實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)為2008年(nian)4月(yue)1日(ri)-2009年(nian)9月(yue)8日(ri)。哈薩(sa)爾(er)(er)大橋(qiao)(qiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為內蒙(meng)(meng)古自治(zhi)區第(di)一座斜拉(la)(la)橋(qiao)(qiao)，本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)得到當地(di)區、市(shi)、以(yi)及自治(zhi)區三(san)級政府的高度重視(shi)。由于(yu)海(hai)拉(la)(la)爾(er)(er)地(di)處(chu)我國東(dong)北方高寒地(di)區，一年(nian)的混凝土澆注期(qi)間只有每年(nian)的5月(yue)-9月(yue)中旬4個半月(yue)的混凝土可澆注期(qi)，考(kao)慮到本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量以(yi)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)要求，該施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位根(gen)據往常(chang)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)經驗(yan)與(yu)建(jian)設單位協商后(hou)，果(guo)斷(duan)把掛籃施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)改成滿(man)堂(tang)支(zhi)架法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，并將(jiang)一般的滿(man)堂(tang)支(zhi)架改成塔(ta)梁(liang)固(gu)結(jie)(jie)滿(man)堂(tang)支(zhi)架結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安全、保質、按照合同(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)順利竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)通車，我們的成果(guo)和精(jing)神受到內蒙(meng)(meng)古各級政府領導以(yi)及當地(di)百姓的贊揚(yang)(yang)，展(zhan)現了我們建(jian)筑人的豪情。發(fa)揚(yang)(yang)了我們敢(gan)打、敢(gan)拼、迎難而上、不斷(duan)創造(zao)新業(ye)績的鐵軍精(jing)神。